RISE NOTES · Biology Notes

Diseases

Complete Notes · Simple Language

🦠 Disease क्या होती है?

Disease = शरीर के किसी organ या हिस्से की internal structure और function में कोई disturbance, जो specific signs और symptoms के साथ आती है। सीधे शब्दों में — जब body की normal working बिगड़ जाए, उसे disease कहते हैं।

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Disease का Classification

⏱️ Acute Diseases

  • Short period में आती हैं
  • जल्दी बड़ा असर करती हैं
  • E.g.: Fever, Cold, Cough

📅 Chronic Diseases

  • लंबे समय तक चलती हैं
  • धीरे-धीरे असर करती हैं
  • E.g.: Diabetes, TB, Elephantiasis

🔁 Communicable Diseases

  • एक person से दूसरे को फैलती हैं
  • Pathogens से होती हैं
  • E.g.: Malaria, AIDS, TB, COVID

🚫 Non-Communicable Diseases

  • एक से दूसरे को नहीं फैलतीं
  • Nutrients की कमी, allergy, या abnormal cells से
  • E.g.: Diabetes, Arthritis, Asthma, Cancer
🐾Zoonotic Diseases = Animals से Humans में transfer होने वाली बीमारियाँ। E.g. — Rabies, Bird Flu
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Pathogens — Disease के कारण

🦠 Virus

  • छोटे infectious agents — 20–400 nm
  • Genetic material: DNA या RNA + Protein coat (Capsid)
  • Host cell के बिना replicate नहीं कर सकते
  • Semi-living माने जाते हैं
  • Antibiotics काम नहीं करते
  • COVID-19 = SARS-CoV-2 (RNA Virus) — Lungs को host बनाता है

🔬 Bacteria

  • Single-celled, Prokaryotic organisms
  • Kingdom: Monera
  • Size: 1000 nm
  • Genetic material = Genophore (Bacterial DNA)
  • खुद divide कर सकते हैं
  • Antibiotics काम करते हैं

🧫 Protozoa

  • One-celled organisms
  • Contaminated water या insect bites से फैलते हैं
  • Diseases: Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Malaria
  • Paramecium — cilia (बाल जैसी structures) से चलता है

🍄 Fungus

  • Eukaryotic organisms
  • Diseases: Athlete's foot, Yeast infections
  • Penicillin — पहला antibiotic, 1928 में Alexander Fleming ने Penicillium fungus से discover किया

⚔️ Virus VS Bacteria — तुलना

FeatureVirusBacteria
NatureNon-living (semi-living)Living, unicellular
Size20–400 nm (छोटा)1000 nm (बड़ा)
Genetic MaterialDNA/RNA + CapsidGenophore (DNA)
ReplicationHost cell चाहिएखुद divide करता है
NatureParasiticParasitic/Saprophytic
Antibioticsकाम नहीं करते ❌काम करते हैं ✅
Nucleusनहींनहीं (Nucleoid होता है)
🔬 Types of Bacteria (Shape के आधार पर):
Cocci — गोल (Sphere-shaped) Bacilli — छड़ी जैसे (Rod-shaped) Spirochetes — Spiral-shaped (घुमावदार)
🦠 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

🫀 Hepatitis (A, B & C)

  • Affects: Liver
  • Symptom: Jaundice
  • Hep A: Food से फैलता है
  • Hep B: Sexually / bodily fluids से
  • Hep C: Infected blood से
  • India का पहला Hep-A vaccine: Havisure

💉 AIDS

  • Full form: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  • Caused by: HIV (Retrovirus)
  • Transmission: Sexual contact, Blood transfusion, Mother to baby
  • Test: ELISA Test
  • AIDS Day: December 1st

🦟 Dengue

  • Caused by: Flavivirus
  • Vector: Female Aedes aegypti mosquito

🐕 Rabies

  • Caused by: Lyssavirus
  • Affects: CNS (Central Nervous System)
  • Hydrophobia (पानी से डर) — main symptom

💊 Polio

  • Caused by: Poliomyelitis Virus
  • Affects: Nervous system (Spinal cord)
  • India से 2014 में eradicated
  • First vaccine: Dr. Jonas Salk
  • Pulse Polio Programme: 2 Oct 1995

🐔 Chicken Pox

  • Caused by: Varicella Zoster Virus

👶 Small Pox

  • Caused by: Variola Virus
  • Vaccine: Edward Jenner (1796)
  • India से 1977 में eradicated

😷 Mumps

  • Parotid salivary glands (cheek & jaw) को affect करता है

🤧 Flu

  • Caused by: Influenza Virus (Type A, B, C)
  • "Evil influence of stars" भी कहते हैं

🤒 Common Cold

  • Caused by: Rhinovirus
  • Symptoms: Runny nose, fever, sore throat, headache

💗 Cervical Cancer

  • Caused by: HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
  • Affects Cervix region in women
  • Test: PAP Smear Test
🐷 Swine Flu: Zoonotic disease, Virus = H1N1
🐦 Bird Flu: Zoonotic disease, Virus = H5N1
🧠 Encephalitis: Brain की inflammation, caused by Herpes Simplex Virus

🧠 TRICK: Dr. MISHRA BEST MP — Viral Diseases याद करें!

DrDengue
MMeasles
IInfluenza
SSwine Flu
HHepatitis
RRabies
AAIDS
BBird Flu
EEncephalitis
SSmall Pox
T—
MMumps
PPolio
🔬 DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA

💀 Plague

  • Caused by: Yersinia pestis
  • Death = "Black Death"
  • 1897–1906: 12 Million deaths in India
  • Bubonic Plague: Flea/Rat bite → lymph nodes swell (buboes)

🤕 Leprosy

  • Caused by: Mycobacterium leprae
  • Skin को affect करता है
  • Also known as: Hansen's Disease

💧 Cholera

  • Caused by: Vibrio cholerae
  • Water-borne disease
  • Death = "Blue Death"

🫁 TB (Tuberculosis)

  • Caused by: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Vaccine: BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)
  • Lung cells में cavities (empty spaces) बनती हैं

🫁 Pneumonia

  • Caused by: Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Lungs के alveoli में fluid या pus भर जाता है

🌬️ Bronchitis

  • Caused by: Bordetella pertussis
  • Bronchial tubes की lining में inflammation

🤒 Typhoid

  • Caused by: Salmonella typhi
  • Small intestine (gut) को affect करता है
  • Contaminated food/water से फैलता है
  • Test: Widal Test

💩 Diarrhoea & Diphtheria

  • Diarrhoea: E. coli (Escherichia coli)
  • Diphtheria: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Diphtheria — Respiratory system (nose & throat) affect करता है

🔒 Tetanus

  • Caused by: Clostridium tetani
  • Soil, dust, rusty iron से wounds के through
  • Nervous system को affect करता है
  • Symptom: Severe muscle stiffness — "Lockjaw"
  • Prevention: तुरंत Tetanus injection लगवाएं

🍽️ Peptic Ulcer & Acne

  • Peptic Ulcer: Helicobacter pylori → stomach lining burn
  • Acne: Staphylococcus bacteria

🧠 TRICK: TWo GoL PoTATo ChiPS Di — Bacterial Diseases याद करें!

TTetanus
WoWhooping Cough
GoGonorrhoea
LLeprosy
PoPneumonia
TTyphoid
AAnthrax
ToTuberculosis
SCholera
ChiPlague
SSyphillis
DiDiphtheria
🍄 DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGUS

🦲 Baldness

Tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) — patchy hair loss

👣 Athlete's Foot

Ringworm का type — Feet को affect करता है

🔴 Ring Worm

Red, itchy rash — common skin infection

💨 Asthma

Fungal exposure trigger करता है। Genetic factors भी बड़ा role play करते हैं।

🪲 Scabies

Caused by: Sarcoptes scabiei (mite) — skin में बुरता है, itchy rash

🧠 TRICK: BARSA — Fungal Diseases याद करें!

BBaldness
AAthlete's Foot
RRing Worm
SScabies
AAsthma
🧫 DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA

🦟 Malaria

  • Protozoa: Plasmodium
  • Carrier: Female Anopheles mosquito
  • Treatment: Quinine (Cinchona tree की छाल से)
  • Malaria Day: 25 April

😴 Sleeping Sickness

  • Protozoa: Trypanosoma
  • Carrier: Tse Tse Fly

🟤 Kala Azar

  • Protozoa: Leishmania
  • Carrier: Sandfly
  • Spleen बड़ी हो जाती है, skin dark होती है
  • Test: ELISA Test

🧠 TRICK: MaSK — Protozoan Diseases याद करें!

MaMalaria
SSleeping Sickness
KKala Azar
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Water-borne vs Air-borne Diseases

💧 Water-borne Diseases

  • Hepatitis A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Typhoid
  • Cholera
  • Giardiasis

💨 Air-borne Diseases

  • Influenza (Flu)
  • Tuberculosis (TB)
  • Measles
  • Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
  • Chickenpox
  • COVID-19
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Genetic Disorders

🧬 1. Chromosomal Disorders

Chromosomes में problem से होने वाले disorders।

Autosomal Disorders

Non-sex chromosome पर gene mutate हो जाए।

  • Down's Syndrome: Extra copy of chromosome 21 (Trisomy 21) → 47 chromosomes
  • Albinism: Body melanin नहीं बना पाती
Sex-linked Disorders

Sex chromosomes पर disorder।

  • Turner's Syndrome: Female में एक X chromosome missing (XO)
  • Klinefelter's Syndrome: Male में extra X chromosome (XXY)
  • Haemophilia: Blood clot नहीं होता — X chromosome पर recessive gene

🧬 2. Mendelian Disorders

Single gene के alteration/mutation से होने वाले disorders।

Sickle Cell Anaemia Thalassemia Colour Blindness Haemophilia
🔬Chromosomes primarily DNA + Proteins से बने होते हैं। Human में total 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) होते हैं — 22 autosomal pairs + 1 sex pair (XX = Female, XY = Male)।
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Glaucoma & Pandemic / Epidemic / Endemic

👁️ Glaucoma

  • Eye का optic nerve damage → vision loss या blindness
  • Cause: Eye fluid pressure बढ़ जाना
  • Trachoma: Eye pressure बढ़ता है लेकिन bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis से
  • Tonometer: Eye pressure (Intraocular Pressure) measure करने की device

🌍 Pandemic vs Epidemic vs Endemic

PandemicEpidemicEndemic
World-wide फैलेLarge population में अचानक बढ़ेConstantly present, low spread
E.g. COVID-19E.g. Dengue outbreakE.g. Malaria in some regions
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कुछ Other Important Diseases

DiseaseCauseयाद करने की बात
Wilson DiseaseCopper accumulationBrain, Liver, Cornea affected
Mad Hatter DiseaseMercury PoisoningMinamata Disease भी Mercury से
SiderosisIron depositionBody tissue में iron जमा
Itai ItaiCadmium depositionJapan में famous case
Blue Baby SyndromeNitrate depositionBaby का blood oxygen carry नहीं कर पाता
Patau SyndromeTrisomy 13Chromosome 13 का extra copy
Charcot-Marie-ToothPMP22 gene duplicationChromosome 17 पर
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

🔴 AIDS / HIV

HIV (Retrovirus) — Viral STD

Test: ELISA Test

🔴 Warts

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) से small hard bumps on skin

🔴 Gonorrhea

Bacterial infection — reproductive tract की mucous membranes

🔴 Syphilis

Caused by: Treponema pallidum — skin, mucous membranes, फिर multiple organs

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Diseases in Plants

DiseaseCausal OrganismAffects
Citrus CankerBacteriaCitrus fruits
Rust of WheatFungusWheat
Yellow Vein MosaicVirusOkra (Bhindi)
Aster YellowBacteria—
Crown GallBacteria—
ErgotFungusBajra plants
Snow MoldFungus—
Black KnotFungus—
BlightFungus/Bacteria—
Tobacco Mosaic VirusFungusTobacco plant
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Gram Staining of Bacteria

🔬 Gram Staining क्या है?

Bacteria को identify करने की major technique। Cell wall की structure के आधार पर दो groups में बाँटती है।

🟣 Gram-Positive (Purple/Blue)

  • Thick Peptidoglycan layer
  • Color: Purple retain करते हैं
  • Antibiotics को ज्यादा resist नहीं करते
  • E.g.: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus

🩷 Gram-Negative (Pink/Red)

  • Thin Peptidoglycan layer + Outer lipid membrane
  • Color: Pink हो जाते हैं
  • Antibiotics को ज्यादा resist करते हैं
  • E.g.: E. coli, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
🔬Father of Microbiology: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek  |  Penicillin: पहला antibiotic — 1928, Alexander Fleming द्वारा Penicillium fungus से discover किया गया
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Quick Revision — Exam Ready!

DiseaseCaused ByKey Fact
MalariaPlasmodium (Protozoa)Female Anopheles mosquito | Quinine treatment
DengueFlavivirusFemale Aedes aegypti mosquito
AIDSHIV (Retrovirus)ELISA Test | AIDS Day = Dec 1
RabiesLyssavirusCNS affect | Hydrophobia
PolioPolio VirusIndia-free 2014 | Jonas Salk vaccine
TBMycobacterium tuberculosisBCG vaccine | Lung cavities
CholeraVibrio choleraeWater-borne | Blue Death
TyphoidSalmonella typhiWidal Test | Small intestine
TetanusClostridium tetaniLockjaw | Rusty iron se
PlagueYersinia pestisBlack Death | Flea carrier
LeprosyMycobacterium lepraeHansen's Disease | Skin
Hepatitis AVirusFood-borne | Liver | Jaundice
Hepatitis BVirusSexually transmitted | Havisure vaccine
Small PoxVariola VirusVaccine: Edward Jenner 1796 | Eradicated 1977
Kala AzarLeishmania (Protozoa)Sandfly | Splenomegaly | ELISA Test
Sleeping SicknessTrypanosoma (Protozoa)Tse Tse Fly
Down's SyndromeTrisomy 2147 chromosomes
Turner's SyndromeChromosomalFemale XO
Klinefelter'sChromosomalMale XXY
Cervical CancerHPVPAP Smear Test | Women
Swine FluH1N1Zoonotic
Bird FluH5N1Zoonotic
Peptic UlcerHelicobacter pyloriStomach lining damage
Wilson DiseaseCopper accumulationBrain, Liver, Cornea