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Nutrition वह process है जिसमें हमारा शरीर food से Energy, Growth और Repair के लिए जरूरी पदार्थ लेता है। Nutrients दो categories में बँटे होते हैं — Macronutrients (large amounts में) और Micronutrients (small amounts में)।
Body को बड़ी मात्रा में चाहिए होते हैं।
Body को थोड़ी मात्रा में चाहिए होते हैं।
| Type | Structure | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Monosaccharides (Simple) | 1 sugar unit — सबसे छोटा form | Glucose, Fructose, Galactose |
| Disaccharides (Simple) | 2 monosaccharide units जुड़े | Sucrose, Lactose (milk sugar), Maltose (grain sugar) |
| Polysaccharides (Complex) | कई sugar units जुड़े | Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose |
| Source | Protein Name |
|---|---|
| 🥛 Milk | Casein |
| 💇 Hair / Nail | Keratin |
| 🍚 Rice | Glutelin, Albumin |
| 🌾 Grains | Gluten |
| 🥚 Egg White | Albumin |
Glycine, Serine, Proline, Glutamic acid, Alanine, Aspartic acid, Cystine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine
| Amino Acid | Function |
|---|---|
| Histidine | Growth, tissue repair, histamine production (immune response) |
| Isoleucine | Muscle metabolism, energy regulation |
| Leucine | Protein synthesis, muscle repair, blood sugar regulate करता है |
| Lysine | Calcium absorption, collagen formation, immune function |
| Methionine | Metabolism और detoxification |
| Phenylalanine | Neurotransmitters (Dopamine, Epinephrine) — mood & alertness |
| Threonine | Protein balance, tooth enamel, fat metabolism |
| Tryptophan | Serotonin और Melatonin का precursor — mood & sleep |
| Valine | Muscle growth, tissue repair, energy |
| Vitamin | Scientific Name | Deficiency/Disease | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | Retinol | Night Blindness (रात को दिखना बंद) | Spinach, Carrots, Sweet potatoes |
| Vitamin B1 | Thiamine | Beriberi | Meat, eggs, legumes |
| Vitamin B2 | Riboflavin | RBC में कमी | Dairy, eggs, green vegetables |
| Vitamin B3 | Niacin | Pellagra (3D Disease) | Meat, seafood, eggs |
| Vitamin B5 | Pantothenic Acid | Fatigue, numbness, muscle cramps | Meat, poultry, legumes |
| Vitamin B6 | Pyridoxine | Anaemia | Poultry, fish, potatoes |
| Vitamin B7 | Biotin | Hair loss, brittle nails, skin rashes | Eggs, nuts, seeds |
| Vitamin B9 | Folic Acid | Fatigue, Neural tube defects in babies | Legumes, leafy vegetables |
| Vitamin B12 | Cyanocobalamin | Pernicious Anaemia, Memory loss | Meat, seafood, dairy |
| Vitamin C | Ascorbic Acid | Scurvy (मसूड़ों से खून) | Lemon, oranges, amla, strawberries |
| Vitamin D | Calciferol | Osteomalacia, Rickets | Cod liver oil, salmon, egg yolk, Sunlight |
| Vitamin E | Tocopherol | Anti-sterility, vision problems | Kale, spinach, lettuce, parsley |
| Vitamin K | Phylloquinone | Excessive bleeding, poor clotting | Soya bean, coriander, peas |
Bone mineral density और bone mass कम हो जाती है → हड्डियाँ कमजोर
"Soft Bones" — metabolic bone disease, fracture का risk बढ़ता है
बच्चों में होता है — bones soft और bent हो जाती हैं
| Type | क्या करता है | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Saprophytic | Dead organic matter से nutrients लेता है | Fungi, Yeast |
| Parasitic | दूसरे living plant/animal (host) से nutrition लेता है | Cuscula, Plasmodium, Nematodes |
| Holozoic | Solid/liquid food खाता है और internally digest करता है | Man, Dog, Amoeba |
| Part | Function |
|---|---|
| Outer Membrane | Protective layer — small molecules pass करने देती है |
| Inner Membrane | Materials के movement को control करती है |
| Stroma | Fluid-filled space जहाँ Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) होती है |
| Thylakoids | Disc-shaped sacs जिनमें chlorophyll होता है |
| Grana (Granum) | Thylakoids के stacks — यहाँ Light Reaction होती है |
| Lamella | Grana को connect करने वाले membranous bridges |
| Feature | Chlorophyll a | Chlorophyll b |
|---|---|---|
| Role | Primary Pigment | Accessory Pigment |
| Function | Light → Chemical Energy convert करता है | Energy Chlorophyll a को transfer करता है |
| Color | Blue-green | Yellow-green |
| Present in | Reaction Center | Light-harvesting Complex |
Yellow & Orange color — Carrot, Papaya, Autumn leaves
Red, Purple, Blue — Red cabbage, Berries, Apple
Green color — Photosynthesis में most important role
Soil से मिलते हैं
Air & Water से: C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), O (Oxygen)
| Nutrient | Symbol | Main Function |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen | N | Green, leafy growth promote करता है। Chlorophyll का core building block — plant food बनाने के लिए जरूरी |
| Phosphorus | P | Root development, flowers और seeds के लिए। Roots से Leaves तक energy transfer system |
| Potassium | K | Overall immunity boost और water balance regulate। Stomata control से disease fight और drought survive |
| Calcium | Ca | Structural support — "cement" की तरह cell walls को hold करता है |
| Magnesium | Mg | Photosynthesis drive करता है। Chlorophyll molecule का central atom — इसके बिना leaves yellow हो जाती हैं |
| Sulphur | S | Amino acids बनाने के लिए essential — proteins, enzymes और vitamins के लिए जरूरी |
Dry या arid environments में survive करने वाले plants। Limited water में adapt। E.g. Cactus
"Sun-loving plants" — full sun exposure में best grow करते हैं।
Non-native plant species जो किसी geographical region में recently introduce हुई हों।
Primitive, simple, microscopic plants — plant life का earliest form। E.g. Algae
| Topic | Key Fact |
|---|---|
| Carbohydrates energy | 4 Cal/gm | Fat = 9 Cal/gm | Protein = 4 Cal/gm |
| Fat storage | Adipose tissue में Triglycerides के रूप में |
| Bad Cholesterol | LDL (Saturated fat से) | Good = HDL (Unsaturated fat से) |
| Trans Fat | सबसे harmful — Hydrogenation process से बनता है |
| Protein requirement | 0.8 gm/kg body weight per day |
| Amino Acids | Total 20 | 9 Essential | 11 Non-Essential |
| Tryptophan | Serotonin & Melatonin का precursor |
| Vitamin term coined | Casimir Funk — 1912 |
| Water Soluble Vitamins | B and C | Fat Soluble = A, D, E, K (ADEK) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | Night Blindness | Scientific name: Retinol |
| Vitamin B1 deficiency | Beriberi | Thiamine |
| Vitamin B3 deficiency | Pellagra (3D Disease) | Niacin |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | Pernicious Anaemia | Cyanocobalamin |
| Vitamin C deficiency | Scurvy (bleeding gums) | Ascorbic Acid |
| Vitamin D | Sunshine Vitamin + Hormone | Calciferol | Rickets, Osteomalacia |
| Vitamin K deficiency | Excessive bleeding | Phylloquinone |
| Collagen | Body का most abundant protein | Vit C से synthesis | G.N. Ramachandran |
| Protein deficiency | Kwashiorkor (only protein) | Marasmus (protein + calories) |
| Milk protein | Casein | Hair/Nail = Keratin | Egg white = Albumin |
| Iodine | Thyroid hormone component | Brain function |
| Magnesium in body | ~25g | Metabolism + Bone health |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ |
| Light Reaction location | Thylakoid membranes | Dark reaction = Stroma (Calvin Cycle) |
| Chlorophyll color | Green light reflect, Red+Blue absorb |
| Carotenoids | Yellow & Orange pigments | Anthocyanins = Red, Purple, Blue |
| Nitrogen fixing bacteria | Rhizobium, Azotobacter (Legumes की roots में) |
| Urea discovery | Friedrich Wöhler — 1828 |
| Fluorosis | Excess fluoride in water से |
| Autotrophic | Green plants, Blue-green algae, Phytoplanktons |
| Saprophytic | Fungi — dead matter से nutrients |
| Mesophyll cells | Primary site of Photosynthesis |
| Guard cells | Stomata के opening/closing regulate |