Complete Notes · Taxonomy से Angiosperms तक
यह Science है जो organisms को describe, name और classify करती है — सभी plants, animals और microorganisms को। सीधे शब्दों में: जीवों को systematically group करने की science।
Trick: Some Girls Of Our Class Play Kabaddi (Species से Kingdom तक याद करें — नीचे से ऊपर)
| Classification | Proposed By | Year | Kingdoms/Domains | Special Fact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two Kingdom | Carolus Linnaeus | 1758 | Plantae, Animalia | Father of Taxonomy | Book: Systema Naturae (1735) |
| Three Kingdom | Ernst Haeckel | 1866 | Plantae, Animalia, Protista | "Ecology" शब्द coin किया | Protista = Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena |
| Three Domain | Carl Woese | 1990 | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya | Prokaryotes और Eukaryotes दोनों cover |
| Five Kingdom | R.H. Whittaker | 1969 | Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia | Basis: Cell structure, Nutrition, Organization, Reproduction |
| Six Kingdom | Cavalier-Smith | — | 6 kingdoms | Living organisms को 6 groups में divide किया |
True Prokaryotes — most common
Extreme environments में — hot springs, salt lakes. No peptidoglycan
All Eukaryotes: Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
| Organism | Movement | Special Feature |
|---|---|---|
| Euglena | Flagellum | Autotrophic + Heterotrophic दोनों |
| Amoeba | Pseudopodia | Food को engulf करता है |
| Paramecium | Cilia | Hair-like structures से movement |
| Plasmodium | — | Malaria का कारण |
Kelp को Phylum Protista में classify किया जाता है।
Aquatic fungi — simplest
E.g. Bread mold (Rhizopus)
E.g. Mushrooms
E.g. Yeast, Penicillium
| Feature | Cryptogamae (छुपे reproductive organs) | Phanerogamae (दिखते reproductive organs) |
|---|---|---|
| Seeds/Fruits/Flowers | ❌ Absent | ✅ Present |
| Reproductive Organs | Hidden (छुपे) | Exposed (दिखते हैं) |
| Evolution | Less evolved (कम evolved) | Highly evolved (ज्यादा evolved) |
| Examples | Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes | Gymnosperms, Angiosperms |
| Type | Color | Food Storage | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 🟢 Chlorophyceae | Green (हरी) | Starch | Chlorella (proteins), Spirulina (superfood), Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, Chara, Volvox, Cladophora |
| 🟤 Phaeophyceae | Brown (भूरी) | Mannitol + Laminarin | Sargassum, Laminaria (Kelp), Ectocarpus, Fucus |
| 🔴 Rhodophyceae | Red (लाल) | — | Gelidium, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Polysiphonia |
Examples: Funaria
Damp walls और मिट्टी पर उगते हैं
Examples: Marchantia, Riccia
Flat, liver-shaped body
Horn-like sporophyte होता है
Moist habitats में
| Feature | 🌾 Monocots (एक बीजपत्री) | 🌹 Dicots (दो बीजपत्री) |
|---|---|---|
| Cotyledons | 1 cotyledon | 2 cotyledons |
| Roots | Fibrous roots (झाड़ीदार) | Tap root (मूसला जड़) |
| Leaf Veins | Parallel (समानांतर) | Net/Reticulate (जालनुमा) |
| Vascular Bundles | Scattered (scattered throughout) | Ring में arranged |
| Flower Parts | Threes में (3 या 6) | Fours या Fives में (4 या 5) |
| Examples | Grass, Lily, Wheat, Rice, Onion, Garlic | Rose, Sunflower, Tamarind, Mango, Pea, Gram |
| Topic | Key Fact |
|---|---|
| Taxonomy Father | Carolus Linnaeus (1758) | Book: Systema Naturae (1735) |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Carolus Linnaeus | 2-part name: Genus + Species |
| Hierarchy Trick | Some Girls Of Our Class Play Kabaddi (Species→Kingdom) |
| Ecology term | Ernst Haeckel ने coin किया (Three Kingdom, 1866) |
| Three Domain | Carl Woese (1990) — Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| Five Kingdom | R.H. Whittaker (1969) — Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| Six Kingdom | Cavalier-Smith |
| Monera cell wall | Peptidoglycan (bacteria) | Archaebacteria में absent |
| Protista locomotion | Euglena = flagellum | Amoeba = pseudopodia | Paramecium = cilia |
| Fungi cell wall | Chitin (cellulose नहीं!) | Study = Mycology |
| Lichen | Blue-green algae + Fungi | Natural Indicator | Symbiotic |
| Algae study | Phycology (Algology) |
| Green algae food storage | Starch | Brown algae = Mannitol + Laminarin |
| Agar source | Red algae (Gelidium, Gracilaria) → Jelly में use |
| Algin source | Brown algae |
| Carrageenan source | Red algae → Gelling agent in food |
| Green Algae Trick | SUVCC: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Volvox, Chara, Cladophora |
| Brown Algae Trick | SELF: Sargassum, Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus |
| Bryophyta nickname | "Amphibians of Plant Kingdom" | Non-vascular |
| Bryophyta roots | Rhizoids (true roots नहीं) | Male = Antheridium | Female = Archegonium |
| Bryophyta examples | Mosses (Funaria), Liverworts (Marchantia, Riccia) |
| Pteridophyta | First vascular plants | Fern leaves = Fronds | Spore-bearing leaves = Sporophylls |
| Pteridophyta examples | Marsilea, Ferns, Horsetails, Selaginella, Adiantum |
| Gymnosperms meaning | Gymno (naked) + Sperma (seeds) | No Phloem Companion + No Xylem Vessel |
| Gymnosperms examples | Pine, Deodar, Cycas |
| Angiosperms meaning | Angio (covered) + Sperma = seeds in fruit | Most evolved |
| Monocots | 1 cotyledon | Fibrous roots | Parallel veins | E.g. Wheat, Rice, Onion |
| Dicots | 2 cotyledons | Tap root | Net veins | E.g. Mango, Rose, Pea |
| Haploid plants | Thallophyta + Bryophyta (Gametophytic) |
| Diploid plants | Gymnosperms + Angiosperms (Sporophytic) |
| Cryptogamae | No seeds/flowers | Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes |
| Phanerogamae | Seeds + Flowers present | Gymnosperms + Angiosperms |
| Ovary → Fruit | Angiosperms में Ovary → Fruit | Ovules → Seeds बनते हैं |
| Kelp classification | Phylum Protista |
| Spirulina | Green algae → Superfood (protein-rich) |
| Algae cell wall | Outer = Cellulose | Inner = Pectin |