PART IV + PART IVA • INDIAN POLITY

DPSP & Fundamental Duties

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Roman Hindi: Complete source-based notes, beginner clarity + exam revision ke liye.

English: Complete source-based notes designed for concept clarity and competitive-exam revision.

DPSP — Salient Features

Roman Hindi: DPSP non-justiciable hain, yani courts se legally enforce nahi kiye ja sakte. Concept Irish Constitution se borrowed hai. Inka objective social aur economic democracy establish karna aur Welfare State ki vision ko implement karna hai.

Constitutional ideals ke saath laws ki alignment assess karne ka measure.
GoI Act 1935 ke Instrument of Instructions se resemblance; source B. R. Ambedkar ka reference deta hai.
DPSPs ke paas moral aur political sanctions hain.

B. N. Rau
Moral Percepts for the authorities of state

Granville Austin
Conscience of Constitution

K. T. Shah
Cheque payable by the bank at its own convenience

K. C. Wheare
Manifesto of aims and aspirations

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Articles 36–39

Article 36 — Definition of State

Part IV me “State” ka meaning source ke anusaar Fundamental Rights ke Article 12 ke same hai.

Article 37 — Application

Non-justiciable. Laws aur policies banate waqt principles apply karna State ka duty hai.

Article 38 — Social Order & Welfare

Social, economic aur political justice se welfare promote; income, status, facilities aur opportunities ki inequalities reduce — source: 44th Amendment, 1978.

Article 39

Livelihood for all citizens
Fair distribution of resources for common good
Avoid concentration of wealth and production
Equal pay for equal work for men and women
Workers' health and children from exploitation
Proper development opportunities for children — 42nd Amendment, 1976

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Articles 39A–51 — Complete Mapping

Article	Provision in Source
39A	Equal Justice and Free Legal Aid to poor & weaker section — 42nd Amendment, 1976
40	Organisation of Village Panchayats
41	Right to Work, Education and Public Assistance in certain cases
42	Just and Humane Working Conditions & Maternity Relief
43	Living Wages and Decent Working Conditions
43A	Workers' Participation in Management of Industries — 42nd Amendment, 1976
43B	Promotion, formation and democratic management of Cooperative Societies — 97th Amendment, 2011
44	Uniform Civil Code throughout India
45	Early Childhood Care and Education below age six; subject changed by 86th Amendment Act, 2002
46	Educational and Economic Interests of SCs, STs and Weaker Sections
47	Raise Nutrition, Living Standards and Public Health; prevent consumption of intoxicants
48	Organisation of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry; source mentions prohibition of slaughter of cows, calves and useful cattle
48A	Protection of Environment, Forests and Wildlife — 42nd Amendment, 1976
49	Protection of Monuments and National Heritage
50	Separation of Judiciary from Executive
51	Promotion of International Peace and Security; just & honourable condition with neighbours

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Classification of DPSPs

Socio-Economic

Social/economic welfare, equality and welfare state.

38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47

Gandhian

Decentralized governance, self-sufficiency, equitable resource distribution.

40, 43, 46, 47, 48

Liberal-Intellectual

Individual freedoms/rights and strong rational State.

44, 45, 48A, 49, 50, 51

⚠️ Exam Trap: Source ke anusaar ye Socialist/Gandhian/Liberal classification Constitution me mentioned nahi hai.

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DPSP — Amendment Map

42nd CAA, 1976: 39(f) children's healthy development; 39A equal justice/free legal aid; 43A workers in management; 48A environment/wildlife.

44th CA, 1978: Article 38 — reduce inequality.

86th CA, 2002: Article 45 — early childhood care.

97th CA, 2011: Article 43B — Cooperative Societies.

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DPSP vs Fundamental Rights — Cases

Champakam Dorairajan (1951)

Source: FRs prevail over DPSP; FRs are amendable.

Golaknath (1967)

Source: Parliament cannot revoke/amend FRs.

Aftermath of Golaknath

Source says Parliament enacted 4th amendment empowering Parliament to amend FRs. 25th Amendment inserted Article 31(c). Laws implementing 39(b), 39(c) cannot be declared null/void for contravention of Articles 14 & 19; source also says no such law can be questioned in court.

Keshavananda Bharti (1973)

13-judge bench: Parliament can amend FRs but cannot disturb Basic Structure. Source says 2nd provision of 25th amendment restricting judicial review was unconstitutional.

Minerva Mill (1980)

Source: Constitution rests on balance between FRs and DPSP.

⚠️ Source ke anusaar: Case/amendment wording ko source framing me preserve kiya gaya hai.

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Fundamental Rights vs DPSPs

Fundamental Rights	DPSPs
Negative obligations	Positive obligations
Justiciable	Non-justiciable
Political democracy	Social/economic welfare
Legal sanctions	Moral/political sanctions
Individual welfare	Societal welfare
Automatically enforceable; courts can invalidate laws violating FRs	Require legislative enactment; source says courts cannot invalidate laws violating DPSP

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PART IVA — Fundamental Duties

USSR se borrowed.
Statutory and non-enforceable — source wording.
Originally Constitution ka part nahi.
Only Indian citizens, not foreigners.
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 se introduced.
Initially 10; currently 11.
Last duty Article 51A(k), 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

Swaran Singh Committee

Source ke anusaar committee recommendation par Fundamental Duties add kiye gaye.

Justice Verma Committee

Legal provisions for implementation aur school kids ko duties teach karne ki existence identify ki.

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Article 51A — Eleven Fundamental Duties

(a) Constitution, its ideals/institutions, National Flag and National Anthem ka respect.

(b) Freedom struggle ke noble ideals ko cherish/follow.

(c) Sovereignty, unity and integrity uphold/protect.

(d) Country defend aur called upon hone par national service.

(e) Harmony/common brotherhood; women's dignity ke derogatory practices renounce.

(f) Composite culture ki rich heritage value/preserve.

(g) Forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife including environment protect/improve; compassion for living creatures.

(h) Scientific temper, humanism, inquiry and reform develop.

(i) Public property safeguard; violence abjure.

(j) Individual/collective activity ke all spheres me excellence ke liye strive.

(k) Parent/guardian: 6–14 years child/ward ko education opportunity — 86th CA, 2002.

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Laws Reflecting & Enforcing Fundamental Duties

Law	Source Link to Duty
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967	Sovereignty/integrity threatening activities prevent — Duty (c)
Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971	Constitution, Flag, Anthem disrespect prohibit — Duty (a)
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972	Wild animals and birds legal protection — Duty (g)
Representation of the People Act, 1951	Elections regulate/democratic processes uphold — Duty (a)
Indian Penal Code (IPC)	Crimes/punishments, public order/morality — Duties (i) and (e), including practices against women
Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955	Untouchability eliminate/equality promote — Duty (e)

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🧠 Source Trick to Learn All Duties

a Anthem aur flag ki respect

b Bhagat Singh/Bapu ke ideals ko follow

c Means 3: Sovereignty, Unity, Integrity

d Defend the country

e Means 5 & E for equality, brotherhood; no derogatory practices to women's dignity

f Fort = heritage ki value & care

g Greenery = environment protection

h Humanism

i Eye mnemonic = violence nahi

j Jadeja = all spheres me excellent performer

k School education

⚠️ Remember: Fundamental Duties Indian citizens only, foreigners nahi.

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🧠 QUICK REVISION — HIGH RETENTION

DPSP: Irish Constitution, non-justiciable, Welfare State, moral/political sanctions.
36 State • 37 application • 38 welfare/inequality • 39 livelihood/resources/equal pay/worker-child protection.
39A free legal aid • 40 Panchayats • 41 work/education/assistance • 42 humane work/maternity.
43 living wage • 43A workers' participation • 43B cooperatives • 44 UCC • 45 early childhood care.
46 SC/ST/weaker sections • 47 nutrition/public health • 48 agriculture/animal husbandry • 48A environment • 49 monuments • 50 judiciary-executive separation • 51 international peace.
42nd–1976: 39(f), 39A, 43A, 48A. 44th–1978: Art 38. 86th–2002: Art 45. 97th–2011: Art 43B.
Cases: Champakam 1951 • Golaknath 1967 • Keshavananda 1973 • Minerva Mill 1980.
Fundamental Duties: Part IVA, Article 51A, USSR, 42nd CA 1976, initially 10, currently 11.
51A(k): 86th CA 2002, parent/guardian, education age 6–14.

🔢 Number Trap: 42nd–1976 • 44th–1978 • 86th–2002 • 97th–2011 • Article 51A • 11 duties • age 6–14.

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📝 Chapter Practice

1. According to the notes, which statement is correct about DPSP — Salient Features?

2. According to the notes, which statement is correct about Articles 36–39?

3. According to the notes, which statement is correct about DPSP — Amendment Map?

4. According to the notes, which statement is correct about PART IVA — Fundamental Duties?

5. According to the notes, which statement is correct about 🧠 Source Trick to Learn All Duties?

DPSP & Fundamental Duties

DPSP — Salient Features

Articles 36–39

Article 36 — Definition of State

Article 37 — Application

Article 38 — Social Order & Welfare

Article 39

Articles 39A–51 — Complete Mapping

Classification of DPSPs

Socio-Economic

Gandhian

Liberal-Intellectual

DPSP — Amendment Map

DPSP vs Fundamental Rights — Cases

Champakam Dorairajan (1951)

Golaknath (1967)

Aftermath of Golaknath

Keshavananda Bharti (1973)

Minerva Mill (1980)

Fundamental Rights vs DPSPs

PART IVA — Fundamental Duties

Swaran Singh Committee

Justice Verma Committee

Article 51A — Eleven Fundamental Duties

Laws Reflecting & Enforcing Fundamental Duties

🧠 Source Trick to Learn All Duties

🧠 QUICK REVISION — HIGH RETENTION