Parliament — Part 1

Lok Sabha

• Non-permanent House.
• 1st Chamber / Lower House / House of People.
• Hindi name adopted in 1954.
• First sitting: 13 May 1952.
• Constituted: 17 April 1952.
• Members directly elected by people.

Rajya Sabha

• Permanent House.
• 2nd Chamber / House of Elders / Upper House / Council of States.
• Hindi name adopted in 1954.
• First sitting: 13 May 1952.
• Constituted: 3 April 1952.
• Represents States; also “House of Elders”.

Maximum Composition in Source

Total Members: 250

• 238 elected members.
• 12 nominated by President from Literature, Science, Arts, Social Service — source mnemonic “LiSAS”.

Present Strength in Source

245 = 233 elected + 12 nominated.

Source note: 5 seats vacant for PoK, Aksai Chin, etc.

Total Seats shown: 550

• 530 from States.
• 20 from Union Territories.

Present strength in source: 543 elected members.

Source notes 2 Anglo-Indians were nominated by President under Article 331, but provision removed through 104th CAA, 2019.

Important Delimitation Acts

• 1st: 1952
• 2nd: 1962
• 3rd: 1972
• 4th: 2002

Delimitation: territorial constituencies ki limits/boundaries fix karne ka act/process.

Key Amendments

• 42nd CA (1976): Seats 1971 Census ke basis par 2000 tak fixed.
• 84th CA (2001): Freeze on Delimitation Commission extended till 2026.
• 87th CA (2003): Minor adjustments; delimitation according to 2001 Census.

Rajya Sabha

• Permanent body; dissolution ke subject nahi.
• 1/3 members every 2 years retire.
• Members ka term 6 years.

Lok Sabha

• Tenure: 5 years.
• Source note: maximum gap between sessions cannot exceed 6 months.
• National Emergency me one year at a time extend ho sakta hai.
• Emergency end ke 6 months ke within elections held hone chahiye.

Parliamentary Sessions

• Summoned by President.
• Budget Session: February–April.
• Monsoon Session: July–August.
• Winter Session: December.

Key Terms

• Prorogation: Session ends, by President.
• Dissolution: Formal termination of current Lok Sabha, by President.
• Adjournment: Temporary break within a session; sitting terminated by Presiding Officer.
• Adjournment Sine Die: Presiding Officer ends sitting without fixing next date; happens just before prorogation.

• Starred: Oral answers; supplementary questions possible.
• Unstarred: Written answers; no supplementary.
• Short Notice: 10 days prior notice.

• 11 AM: Start
• 11 AM–12 PM: Question Hour
• 12–1 PM: Zero Hour; source says agenda of day is decided.
• Questions private members se bhi pooche ja sakte hain; private member = one who is not a minister.

Article 89

Chairman: Vice-President of India, ex-officio; RS member nahi.

Deputy Chairman: RS elect karta hai; Chairman absent ho to Acting Chairman; RS member hai.

Article 90

Deputy Chairman resignation Chairman ko writing me. Removal = effective majority of total membership of RS.

Effective Majority: total membership − vacancies ka majority.

Article 91

Chairman absent → Deputy Chairman presides. Both seats vacant → President any member ko duties discharge karne ko choose kar sakta hai. Both absent → Chairman-appointed Panel of Vice-Chairpersons ka member presides.

Article 92

Removal resolution ke dauran Chairman/DC participate kar sakte hain but preside nahi. First instance vote kar sakte hain, tie me casting vote nahi. Source: Chairman ke paas is case me voting rights nahi because he is not RS member.

Article 93

Speaker & Deputy Speaker LS members simple majority se elect.

• First Speaker: Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar.
• First Deputy Speaker: M. A. Ayyangar.
• Source note: no Deputy Speaker appointed since 2019.

Article 94

Speaker resigns to Deputy Speaker and vice-versa. Removal by effective majority. Speaker new Speaker elected hone tak continues; LS dissolution ke immediately baad resign nahi karta and newly elected LS meets tak continues.

Source: Speaker election date President fixes; Deputy Speaker election date Speaker fixes.

Article 95

Speaker absent → Deputy Speaker. Seat vacant → President any member choose kar sakta hai. Both absent → Speaker-appointed Panel of Chairpersons ka member presides.

Article 96

Removal motion under discussion ho to Speaker/Deputy Speaker participate but preside nahi. Speaker first instance vote retain karta hai but tie me casting vote nahi.

Note: Deputy Speaker Speaker ka subordinate nahi.

Article 97

RS Chairman/DC aur LS Speaker/Deputy Speaker ki salaries/allowances Parliament decide karta hai.

Article 98

Each House ka separate secretarial staff. Secretariat President appoint karta hai on advice of LS Speaker and RS Chairman — source wording.

Article 99

Either House ka member seat lene se pehle President ya President-appointed person ke before oath leta hai.

Protem Speaker

Senior-most member temporarily President appoint karta hai to administer oath to members.

Source: Bhartruhari Mehtab served as Protem Speaker from 24 June 2024 to 26 June 2024 after 2024 General Elections.

Article 104 — Penalty

Disqualified ya Article 99 oath/affirmation se pehle knowingly sits/votes → source penalty Rs. 500 per day for period sat/voted.

Article 105 — Powers, Privileges & Immunities

• 105(1): Freedom of speech in Parliament.
• 105(2): Parliament proceedings court me questioned nahi; MP Parliament me said/vote ke liye liable nahi.
• 105(3): Source says MPs civil arrest se session ke dauran and 40 days before/after protected by parliamentary convention.

Protection criminal arrest/preventive detention par apply nahi. Source note: President's criminal-proceeding protection Article 361 me hai, Article 105 me nahi.

Article 106

Parliament law se both Houses ke members ki salaries and allowances fix kar sakta hai.

Previous Lecture Note — Article 73

Source page 9 repeats: Union executive power extends to matters on which Parliament can make laws and exercise of rights, authority and jurisdiction exercisable by Government of India by virtue of treaty/agreement.