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SUNNY RISEPolity • Emergency, Amendments & Inter-State Relations • Exam Notes
STEP 5 • PRACTICE

📝 Chapter Practice

5 quick MCQs to check recall before you move to the next chapter.

0/5

1. According to the notes, which statement is correct about 1. Emergency — Basic Framework?

2. According to the notes, which statement is correct about 3. Effects of National Emergency?

3. According to the notes, which statement is correct about 5. Article 360 — Financial Emergency?

4. According to the notes, which statement is correct about 7. Part XX — Constitutional Amendment?

5. According to the notes, which statement is correct about 8. Types of Constitutional Amendments?

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INDIAN POLITY • COMPLETE SOURCE NOTES

Emergency, Amendments & Inter-State Relations

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Roman Hindi: Emergency provisions, Centre-State relations, Constitutional Amendment procedure aur Official Language Articles ko source ke complete 8 pages ke according structured kiya gaya hai.

English: Source-based exam notes covering every substantive point, Article, case, commission, amendment, date and classification shown in the material.

1. Emergency — Basic Framework

📖 Part XVIII • Articles 352–360

Roman Hindi: Constitution me Emergency provisions Part XVIII me diye gaye hain. Source ke anusaar ye Weimar Constitution of Germany se borrowed hain.

English: Emergency provisions are contained in Part XVIII, Articles 352–360; the source traces them to Germany's Weimar Constitution.

National Emergency

Article 352

State Emergency

President's Rule • Article 356

Financial Emergency

Article 360

2. Article 352 — National Emergency

Proclamation

  • President Cabinet se decision receive karne ke baad proclamation karta hai — source links this to 44th Amendment.
  • Issue date se 1 month ke andar both Houses se Special Majority approval.
  • Approved hone par 6 months continue karta hai.
  • Parliament har 6 months approval dekar indefinite period tak extend kar sakta hai — source.

Grounds

  • War
  • External Aggression
  • Armed Rebellion — 44th Amendment, 1978; pehle “Internal Disturbance”.

Revocation

  • President kabhi bhi revoke kar sakta hai; Parliamentary approval required nahi.
  • Lok Sabha Simple Majority se discontinuation resolution pass kare to President must revoke — source.

Judicial Review

Minerva Mills Case v. Union of India, 1980: source states Emergency proclamation is subject to Judicial Review.

⚠️ Number Trap: “Cabinet” term Article 352 me 1978 ke 44th Constitutional Amendment Act se inserted.

3. Effects of National Emergency

A. Centre-State Relations

  • Federal system becomes Unitary in nature.
  • Normal time me Centre specified matters par directions deta hai; Emergency me any matter par directions de sakta hai.
  • Parliament State List ke any subject par law bana sakta hai. Source: ye laws Emergency cease hone ke 6 months baad inoperative ho jate hain.

B. Life of Lok Sabha & Legislative Assembly

Ek baar me 1 year extend ki ja sakti hai, lekin Emergency cease hone ke 6 months beyond extension continue nahi kar sakti.

Article 358

  • Article 19 ke Fundamental Rights suspension se related.
  • Article 19 sirf War / External Aggression grounds par suspend; Armed Rebellion me nahi.

Article 359

  • Other FRs se related.
  • President “Right to move any court” for enforcement of FRs suspend kar sakta hai, except Articles 20 & 21; source says these can never be suspended.

National Emergencies Declared Till Now — Source Timeline

1962Indo-China War • Oct 1962–1968 • PM Jawahar Lal Nehru
1971India-Pakistan War • PM Indira Gandhi
1975Internal Disturbances • 1975–1977 • PM Indira Gandhi • President Fakruddin Ali Ahmed
🧠 Yaad rakhein: Page 3 source note: 25th June — Samvidhan Hatya Diwas.

4. Articles 355–356 — President's Rule

Article 355

Centre ka duty hai every State ko external aggression se protect karna. Source Article 355 ko Article 356 intervention ka foundation/correlation batata hai.

Article 356: Grounds

  • State government Constitution ke provisions ke accordance me carry on nahi ki ja sakti.
  • State Centre ke direction ko comply/give effect karne me fail kare.

Approval & Duration

  • Both Houses: Simple Majority within 2 months.
  • Approved → 6 months.
  • Maximum extension → 3 years.

Proclamation / Revocation

  • President; source states only after Cabinet approval (44th CAA, 1978).
  • President any time revoke; Parliamentary approval not needed.
  • Source also lists LS Simple Majority resolution.

Consequences

  • President can take functions of Governor.
  • Parliament can take functions of State Legislature.
  • Executive dismissed; Legislature suspended/dissolved.
  • No effect on FRs during President's Rule.

Use of Article 356 — Source Facts

  • First President's Rule: Punjab, 1951.
  • Source: Manipur most times — 11.
  • Source: Uttar Pradesh — 10 times.

S. R. Bommai Case (1994)

Source: misuse of Article 356 significantly curtailed; President's Rule subject to Judicial Review.

B. R. Ambedkar source quote summarized: Article 356 ko last resort/final recourse ke roop me use karna chahiye.

5. Article 360 — Financial Emergency

6. Inter-State Relations: Commissions, ISC & Zonal Councils

Sarkaria Commission

1983

Punchhi Commission

2007

Rajmannar Commission

1969 • Tamil Nadu Government

Inter-State Council (ISC) — Article 263

Inter-State issues address karne aur States-Union ke harmonious relations foster karne ke liye.

Chairman: Prime Minister

Members: CMs of all States; CMs of UTs with Legislative Assemblies; Administrators of UTs without Legislative Assemblies; six Cabinet Ministers nominated by PM.

Zonal Councils

  • Statutory, not Constitutional.
  • States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
  • Five zones: Northern, Central, Eastern, Western, Southern.
  • Chairman: Union Home Minister.
  • Vice-Chairman: included States ke CMs by rotation; one year at a time.
  • North Eastern Council: source says constituted in 1971 by Act of Parliament.

7. Part XX — Constitutional Amendment

📖 Article 368: Amendment procedure

Basic Pointers

  • Source: amendment procedure South African Constitution se borrowed.
  • Parliament Basic Structure forming provisions amend nahi kar sakta — Kesavananda Bharti Case, 1973.
  • Basic Structure Constitution me mentioned nahi; source says doctrine born in Kesavananda Bharti Case (1973) and evolved in later cases.

Basic Structure — Source List

  • Judicial Review
  • Independent Judiciary
  • Separation of Powers
  • Federal Structure
  • Secularism
  • Supremacy of Constitution

Procedure

  1. Bill either House of Parliament (LS/RS) me introduce; State Legislature me nahi.
  2. Any Minister ya Private Member introduce kar sakta hai.
  3. Prior Presidential recommendation required nahi.
  4. President must assent; Article 368 Constitutional Amendment Bill par no veto — source links to 24th CA, 1971.
  5. No joint sitting provision.

8. Types of Constitutional Amendments

1. Simple Majority

Article 368 ke purview ke outside; normal legislation ki tarah.

2. Special Majority

Each House: total membership ka majority + present and voting members ka not less than 2/3.

3. Special Majority + State Ratification

Federal structure matters. Parliament Special Majority + at least 1/2 State Legislatures ratification by Simple Majority.

Simple MajoritySpecial MajoritySpecial + 1/2 States
Admission/establishment of new State
Formation/new States; boundaries, areas, names
2nd Schedule
5th/6th Schedule
Parliament quorum
Delimitation
Create/abolish Legislative Council
Official language
Election to Parliament/State Legislatures
Union Territories
MP salaries & allowances		Fundamental Rights
DPSP
Fundamental Duties		Election of President & manner
Supreme Court/High Court
Article 368 itself
Any list in 7th Schedule
Distribution of legislative powers Centre-States
Representation of States in Parliament
🎯 Comments in source: K. C. Wheare calls the variety wise/rare and says it balances rigidity and flexibility. Granville Austin describes the process as ably conceived—apparently complicated but diverse.

9. Recent Constitutional Amendments — Source List

AmendmentYearSource Point
100th CA2015India-Bangladesh land boundary agreement
101st CA2016GST
102nd CA2018NCBC — constitutional status
103rd CA2019EWS — 10% reservation
104th CA2020Removal of Anglo-Indian nomination from Lok Sabha and State Assemblies
105th CA2021Restored State Government power to identify SEBCs
106th CA20231/3 seats in LS/LA reserved for women — source
🔑 42nd Amendment: source calls it the Mini Constitution because of extensive changes.

10. Centre-State Relations

Legislative Relation

Part XI • Articles 245–255

Administrative Relation

Part XI • Articles 256–263

Financial Relation

Part XII • Articles 268–293

11. Part XVII — Official Languages

📖 Articles 343–351
ArticleProvision in Source
343Official Language of Union
344Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language
345Official language of a State
348Language to be used in courts
350AFacilities for instruction in Mother Tongue at Primary Stage
350BSpecial Officer for Linguistic Minorities
351Directive for development of Hindi Language

🧠 QUICK REVISION — HIGH RETENTION

Emergency Article Map

352 National • 355 Centre's duty • 356 President's Rule • 358 Article 19 • 359 enforcement of other FRs • 360 Financial.

Approval Trap

National Emergency → 1 month + Special Majority.
President's Rule → 2 months + Simple Majority.
Financial Emergency → 2 months + Simple Majority.

Duration Trap

National → 6-month approvals; source says indefinite extension possible.
President's Rule → 6 months, max 3 years.
Financial → source gives no instance till now.

Fundamental Rights Trap

Art. 358 → Article 19; only War/External Aggression.
Art. 359 → right to court enforcement; 20 & 21 protected.
President's Rule → no effect on FRs.

Amendment Formula

Simple Majority = outside Art. 368.
Special = total membership majority + 2/3 present & voting.
Federal provisions = Special + at least 1/2 States.

Relations Map

Legislative 245–255 • Administrative 256–263 • Financial 268–293 • ISC 263 • Official Languages 343–351.

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