SUNNY 
1. Constitution Basics
What
Kya
Kya
How
Kaise
Kaise
Why
Kyon
Kyon
Example
Udaharan
Udaharan
Exam Point
Pariksha bindu
Pariksha bindu
Paribhasha (Definition): Constitution kuch ideals aur basic rules ko set karta hai jo batate hain ki desh kis prakaar ka nation banna chahta hai. (A Constitution lays out ideals and basic rules forming the basis of the kind of country a nation aspires to be.)
- Constitution ki tradition USA me 1787 se mani gayi hai. (The tradition of a Constitution began in the USA in 1787.)
- Sabhi democratic countries me Constitution hone ki sambhavana hoti hai, lekin Constitution wale sabhi countries democratic hona zaruri nahi. (Democratic countries are likely to have a Constitution, but every country with a Constitution need not be democratic.)
- USA ki independence: 4 July 1776. (Independence of the USA: 4 July 1776.)
- India ka Constitution partly rigid aur partly flexible hai. (India's Constitution is partly rigid and partly flexible.)
Other Forms of Government
| Form | Simple meaning / Source description | Examples in material |
|---|---|---|
| Communist | Production ke source/means government control karti hai. (Sources or means of production are controlled by government.) | China, Laos, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam |
| Monarchic | Ek single person, specifically king/monarch, government chalata hai. (Government by a single person, specifically a king or monarch.) | North Korea — as stated in the source material |
| Totalitarian | Ruler citizens ke lives par total control rakhta hai. (Whoever rules exercises total control over citizens' lives.) | — |
| Oligarchic | Kuch hi logon ki government. (Government of a few.) | Iran, Russia — as stated in the source material |
Pariksha bindu (Exam Point): “Partly rigid, partly flexible” ko Indian Constitution ke nature se map karein. (Map “partly rigid, partly flexible” to the nature of India's Constitution.)
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2. Constituent Assembly: Idea ka Vikas (Development of the Idea)
Yaad rakhein (Remember): Sequence = 1928 Nehru Report → 1934 M. N. Roy → 1935 INC demand.
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3. Offers from Britain
August Offer — 1940
British Viceroy Lord Linlithgow ne 8 August 1940 ko World War II ke dauran Indian support gain karne ke liye propose kiya. War ke baad India ko Dominion Status ka promise tha. (Proposed by Lord Linlithgow to gain Indian support during WWII; promised Dominion Status after the war.)
Cripps Proposal — 1942
War ke baad Dominion Status aur naya Constitution draft karne ke liye Constituent Assembly create karne ka offer. (Offered Dominion Status after the war along with creation of a Constituent Assembly to draft a new Constitution.)
Wavell Plan — 1945
Shimla Conference ke naam se bhi jana gaya. Viceroy Lord Wavell ka proposal political deadlock solve karne ke liye new interim Executive Council banana tha jisme Hindus aur Muslims ko equal representation diya jaye. (Also known as the Shimla Conference; proposed a new interim Executive Council with equal representation for Hindus and Muslims.)
Mukhya tathya (Key Fact): Dominion Status — Aisa status jisme country self-governing hota hai lekin British Empire ka part rehta hai. Source me Nehru ka comment diya hai: Dominion status is “dead as a door nail.” (A self-governing status while remaining part of the British Empire.)
Pariksha bindu: Source ke anusaar tino plans reject hue kyunki Congress Purna Swaraj demand karti thi, jabki British Dominion Status offer kar rahe the. (According to the material, all three were rejected because Congress demanded Purna Swaraj while the British offered Dominion Status.)
Cabinet Mission Plan — 1946
Teen British Cabinet members: Pethick-Lawrence (Chairman), Stafford Cripps, A. V. Alexander. Source ke anusaar yahi plan Congress aur Muslim League dono ne accept kiya; isi ke according Constituent Assembly formed hui. (This was accepted by both Congress and the Muslim League, leading to formation of the Constituent Assembly.)
↑ Back to Topics4. Cabinet Mission Plan & Constituent Assembly Composition
389
Total Members (Kul sadasya)296
Elected members representing British India93
Nominated members representing Princely States; rulers nominated them, they were not elected292 + 4
292 from 11 Governor Provinces + 4 from Chief Commissioners' Provinces: Ajmer-Marwar, Coorg, Delhi, Baluchistan“Tryst with Destiny”
Source ke mutabik Nehru ne apne famous “Tryst with Destiny” speech me, jo 14 August 1947 ko Constituent Assembly ke samne deliver hua, Gandhiji ko refer karte hue kaha ki hamari generation ke greatest man ki ambition har aankh se har aansu ponchna rahi hai. (The material notes Nehru's 14 August 1947 speech before the Constituent Assembly and his reference to Gandhiji's ambition to wipe every tear from every eye.)
Number trap: 389 = 296 elected British India + 93 nominated Princely States. 296 = 292 Governor Provinces + 4 Chief Commissioners' Provinces.
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5. Seats Allocation, Elections & Interim Government
Seats Allocation
- British provinces ki seats ko three principal communities me divide kiya gaya: Muslim, Sikh, General. (Seats were divided among Muslim, Sikh and General communities.)
- Har 1 million population par 1 seat. (One seat per one million population.)
- Assembly partly elected aur partly nominated thi. (It was partly elected and partly nominated.)
- Indirect election method: Proportional Representation + Single Transferable Vote.
- Elections: July–August 1946. Results: Congress 208, Muslim League 73, Independents 15. Muslim League boycott ke baad partition ke baad remaining seats 299. (After the Muslim League boycott, remaining seats after partition were 299.)
Interim Government — 2 September 1946
Interim Government of India 2 September 1946 ko formed hui aur India ki independence, 15 August 1947, tak rahi; is period me India-Pakistan partition hua. (It lasted until independence and the partition into India and Pakistan.)
Viceroy / Governor-General: Viscount Wavell till Feb 1947; Lord Mountbatten from Feb 1947.
Position held by Members of Interim Government
| Position / Portfolio | Member |
|---|---|
| Commander-in-Chief | Sir Claude Auchinleck |
| Vice President; External Affairs & Commonwealth Relations | Jawaharlal Nehru (INC) |
| Home Affairs, Information & Broadcasting | Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (INC) |
| Agriculture & Food | Rajendra Prasad (INC) |
| Commerce | Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (ML) |
| Defence | Baldev Singh (INC) |
| Finance | Liaquat Ali Khan (ML) |
| Health | Ghazanfar Ali Khan (ML) |
| Labour | Jagjivan Ram (INC) |
| Law | Jogendra Nath Mandal (ML) |
| Education & Arts | C. Rajagopalachari (INC) |
| Railways & Communication, Post & Air | Abdur Rab Nishtar (ML) |
| Industries & Supplies | John Mathai (INC) |
6. Objective Resolution
Pariksha bindu: Presented = 13 Dec 1946; Accepted = 22 Jan 1947. Dono dates ko confuse na karein. (Do not confuse the presentation and acceptance dates.)
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7. Committees of the Constituent Assembly
Source ke anusaar Constituent Assembly ne 8 Major aur 13 Minor Committees form ki. (The Constituent Assembly formed 8 Major and 13 Minor Committees.)
Major Committees
| Leader | Committee(s) |
|---|---|
| Jawaharlal Nehru | Union Power Committee; Union Constitution Committee; State Committee |
| Sardar Patel | Provincial Constitution Committee; Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal and Excluded Area |
| Rajendra Prasad | Rules of Procedure Committee; Steering Committee |
| B. R. Ambedkar | Drafting Committee |
Minor Committees listed in the material
- Finance and Staff Committee — Dr. Rajendra Prasad
- Ad-hoc Committee on the National Flag — Dr. Rajendra Prasad
- Credential Committee — Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
- House Committee — B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
- Committee on Chief Commissioners Provinces — B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
- Order of Business Committee — Dr. K. M. Munshi
- Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly — G. V. Mavalankar
- Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court — S. Varadachariar
- Ad-hoc Committee on Citizenship — S. Varadachariar
- Expert Committee on the Financial Provisions of the Union Constitution — Nalini Ranjan Sarkar
- Linguistic Provinces Commission — S. K. Dhar
- Special Committee to Examine the Draft Constitution — J. L. Nehru
- Press Gallery Committee — Usha Nath Sen
Yaad rakhein: Major committee mapping: Nehru = Union; Patel = Provincial + Advisory; Rajendra Prasad = Procedure + Steering; Ambedkar = Drafting.
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8. Drafting Committee & Draft of Constitution
- Drafting Committee set up: 29 August 1947.
- Total members: 7.
- Chairman: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar; source unhe “Modern Manu” / “Modern Man” bhi kehta hai.
Other Members of Drafting Committee
- Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
- N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
- Muhammad Sadullah
- B. L. Mitter — replaced by N. Madhav Rau
- D. P. Khaitan — replaced by T. T. Krishnamachari
- K. M. Munshi
Draft Timeline
Source me diya hai ki B. R. Ambedkar July 1946 me Bengal se Constituent Assembly ke liye elected hue the; partition ke baad Bombay Presidency se elected hue. (The material states that Ambedkar was elected from Bengal in July 1946 and after partition from Bombay Presidency.)
Mukhya tathya: Constituent Assembly ke first day par 211 members present the. (211 members were present on the first day.)
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9. Important Sessions, Adoption & Enforcement
- Total sessions: 11 sessions for 165 days.
- Constitution drafting time: 2 years 11 months 18 days.
- Budget: 64 lakhs to frame the Constitution.
- 1st Session: 9–23 December 1946.
- 10th Session: 6–17 October 1949.
- 11th / last Session: 14–26 November 1949.
- Final Draft: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ne public ke samne 4 November 1948 ko present kiya. (Presented before the public on 4 November 1948, as stated in the source.)
- 26 November 1949: Constitution adopted; is date ko Constitution Day bhi celebrate kiya jata hai. (Constitution adopted; celebrated as Constitution Day.)
- 26 January 1950: Constitution enforced/commenced; Republic Day. (The Constitution came into force; Republic Day.)
Why 26 January? Source ke anusaar isi date ko 1930 me Lahore Session (1929) ke baad Purna Swaraj Day celebrate kiya gaya tha. (The date was chosen because Purna Swaraj Day had been celebrated on the same day in 1930 following the Lahore Session of 1929.)
Original Constitution: 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, 22 Parts aur Preamble. (Originally consisted of 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, 22 Parts and a Preamble.)
Provisions imposed on 26 November 1949
- Citizenship — Articles 5–9
- Elections — Articles 324–329
- Provincial Parliament — wording preserved from source
10. Functions & Working of Constituent Assembly
Dual Role
Law-making body
Assembly legislation ke liye law-making body ke roop me act karti thi. G. V. Mavalankar ko Lok Sabha ka first Speaker bataya gaya hai. (It acted as a law-making body; the source notes G. V. Mavalankar as the first Speaker of Lok Sabha.)
Constitution-making body
Assembly Constitution banane wali body thi aur “First Parliament of India” ke roop me function karti thi. (It acted as a Constitution-making body and functioned as the “First Parliament of India”.)
- National Flag adopted: 22 July 1947.
- National Anthem “Jana Gana Mana” by Rabindranath Tagore aur National Song “Vande Matram” by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee adopted: 24 January 1950.
- India ki Commonwealth membership ratified: May 1949.
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad ko India ka first President elect kiya: 26 Jan 1950, as stated in the material.
Working of Constituent Assembly
- 9 Dec 1946: First meeting — 211 members.
- Temporary President: Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha.
- Permanent President: Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
- Vice President: H. C. Mukherjee.
11. Significant Facts & Important Female Members
| Fact | Answer in source |
|---|---|
| Legal / Constitutional Advisor | B. N. Rau |
| Chief Draftsman | S. N. Mukherjee |
| Members who signed Constitution | 284, including 15 female members |
| Secretary of Constituent Assembly | H. V. Iyengar |
| Constitution | Largest written constitution; symbol stated as an Elephant |
| Language of Constitution | English |
| Constitution Calligraphers | English: Prem Behari Narain Raizada; Hindi: Vasant Krishna Vaidya |
Important Female Members
- Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: 1st Health Minister.
- Sucheta Kriplani: 1st female Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
- Sarojini Naidu: 1st Governor of Uttar Pradesh — wording preserved from source.
Pariksha bindu: B. N. Rau = Constitutional Advisor; S. N. Mukherjee = Chief Draftsman; 284 signatories; 15 female signatories.
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12. 🧠 Quick Revision — High Retention
- 1787: USA me Constitution tradition. | 4 July 1776: USA independence.
- 1928: Nehru Report → 1934: M. N. Roy idea → 1935: INC official demand.
- 1940: August Offer → 1942: Cripps → 1945: Wavell → 1946: Cabinet Mission.
- Cabinet Mission members: Pethick-Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, A. V. Alexander.
- Assembly strength: 389 = 296 elected + 93 nominated; after partition = 299.
- Election: July–Aug 1946; Congress 208, Muslim League 73, Independents 15.
- Interim Government: 2 Sep 1946; Nehru = Vice President.
- Objective Resolution: Presented 13 Dec 1946; accepted 22 Jan 1947.
- Committees: 8 Major + 13 Minor.
- Drafting Committee: 29 Aug 1947; 7 members; Chairman B. R. Ambedkar.
- First draft: 21 Feb 1948; final draft introduced: 4 Nov 1948.
- Readings: 1st = 5 days; 2nd = 10 months 3 days; 3rd completed 26 Nov 1949.
- Total work: 11 sessions, 165 days; 2 years 11 months 18 days; budget 64 lakhs.
- Adopted: 26 Nov 1949. | Enforced: 26 Jan 1950.
- Original: 395 Articles + 8 Schedules + 22 Parts + Preamble.
- First meeting: 9 Dec 1946; 211 present; Temporary President Sachchidanand Sinha; Permanent President Rajendra Prasad; Vice President H. C. Mukherjee.
- Flag: 22 July 1947. | Anthem + Song: 24 Jan 1950.
- Advisor: B. N. Rau. | Chief Draftsman: S. N. Mukherjee. | Signed: 284 including 15 women.
Yaad rakhne ka shortcut: Idea → British Offers → Cabinet Mission → Assembly → Objective Resolution → Committees → Drafting → Adoption → Enforcement. (Use this sequence as the master mental map.)
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POLITYChapter 01 of 16