SUNNY 
Salient Features of Indian Constitution
Roman Hindi: Ye notes source PDF ke sabhi 6 pages ko cover karte hain. Focus Constitution ki major features, federal-unitary nature aur 12 Schedules par hai.
English: These notes cover the complete source PDF, focusing on major constitutional features, federal-unitary characteristics, and all 12 Schedules.
1. Indian Constitution — Lengthiest Written Constitution
Roman Hindi: Indian Constitution duniya ka sabse lamba written Constitution hai. Written Constitution systematic aur formally constituted form me compiled hota hai.
English: The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution in the world. A written constitution is compiled and structured systematically and is formally constituted.
🔑 Mukhya tathya (Key Fact)
Original Constitution: 395 Articles, 22 Parts, 8 Schedules.
Present source count: 448 Articles, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules.
Original Constitution: 395 Articles, 22 Parts, 8 Schedules.
Present source count: 448 Articles, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules.
🔢 Date/Number Trap
Part VII delete kiya gaya; naye Parts IV-A, IX-A, IX-B aur XIV-A add hue.
(Part VII was deleted; Parts IV-A, IX-A, IX-B and XIV-A were added.)
Part VII delete kiya gaya; naye Parts IV-A, IX-A, IX-B aur XIV-A add hue.
(Part VII was deleted; Parts IV-A, IX-A, IX-B and XIV-A were added.)
Written vs Unwritten Constitution
| Written Constitution | Unwritten Constitution |
|---|---|
| Systematic form me compiled & structured. Formally constituted. Amend karna easy nahi. Example: India | Structured nahi. Formally constituted nahi. Amend karna easy. Example: United Kingdom |
📖 Paribhasha (Definition) — Amendment
Roman Hindi: Law, contract, constitution ya kisi legal document me formal change ko Amendment kehte hain.
English: An amendment is a formal change to a law, contract, constitution, or other legal document.
Roman Hindi: Law, contract, constitution ya kisi legal document me formal change ko Amendment kehte hain.
English: An amendment is a formal change to a law, contract, constitution, or other legal document.
2. Parliamentary Form of Government
Roman Hindi: Parliamentary Government democracy ka aisa form hai jahan national election me sabse adhik seats jeetne wali political party ruling government form karti hai.
English: A parliamentary form of government is a form of democracy in which the political party winning the most seats in a national election forms the ruling government.
🎯 Pariksha bindu (Exam Point)
Ye feature UK se borrowed hai. (This feature is borrowed from the UK.)
Ye feature UK se borrowed hai. (This feature is borrowed from the UK.)
3. Federation with Strong Centre
📖 Federalism
Roman Hindi: Desh me ek se adhik level of government ka existence Federalism hai.
English: Federalism refers to the existence of more than one level of government in a country.
Roman Hindi: Desh me ek se adhik level of government ka existence Federalism hai.
English: Federalism refers to the existence of more than one level of government in a country.
Three-tier Government in India
- Union/Centre
- States
- Local Bodies
Concept: Federal system me States sirf Centre ke agents nahi hote; unki authority Constitution se directly derive hoti hai. (States derive their authority from the Constitution itself.)
Federal Features
- Written Constitution
- Supremacy of the Constitution
- Rigidity of Constitution
- Independence of Judiciary
- Bicameralism
- Dual Government
Unitary Features
- Single Constitution
- Single Citizenship
- Integrated Judiciary
- All India Services
- Emergency Provinces Source wording
- Appointment of Governors by Centre
Comments on Indian Federalism
| Scholar | Description |
|---|---|
| K. C. Wheare | “Quasi Federal” |
| Granville Seward Austin | “Cooperative Federalism” |
| Ivor Jennings | “Federalism with centralising tendency” |
| Morris Jones | “Bargaining Federalism” |
4. Separation of Powers
Legislative
Kaam: Laws banana.
Function: Make Laws.
Executive
Kaam: Laws ko carry out/implement karna.
Function: Carries Out Laws.
Judiciary
Kaam: Laws ko evaluate karna.
Function: Evaluate Laws.
5. Schedules of Indian Constitution — 1 to 12
| Schedule | Source-based Provision |
|---|---|
| 1 | States aur UTs ke names aur unki territorial jurisdiction. |
| 2 | Emoluments and allowances of President, Vice President, Governor, Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman, Deputy Chairman, Judges, CAG. |
| 3 | Oaths and Affirmations (Union + State) of Ministers, MPs, MLAs, Judges, CAG. |
| 4 | Allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha. |
| 5 | Administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana. |
| 6 | Administration of tribal areas of Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram. |
| 7 | Union aur States ke law-making subjects ki three lists — Union, State, Concurrent. |
| 8 | Languages; originally 14, source ke anusaar presently 22. |
| 9 | Land reforms and Zamindari System; added through 1st CA, 1951. |
| 10 | Disqualification of MPs and MLAs on grounds of defection; added by 52nd CA, 1985. |
| 11 | Panchayat; 73rd CA, 1992; 29 Functional Matters. |
| 12 | Municipalities; 74th CA, 1992; 18 Functional matters. |
⭐ Sixth Schedule — Source current-affairs note
Source ke anusaar Sixth Schedule Ladakh protests ke context me news me tha, jahan region ke tribal culture aur autonomy ko protect karne ke liye extension ki demand batayi gayi hai. Sixth Schedule entails: Autonomous District Councils (ADCs), Powers of ADCs, Cultural preservation.
Source ke anusaar Sixth Schedule Ladakh protests ke context me news me tha, jahan region ke tribal culture aur autonomy ko protect karne ke liye extension ki demand batayi gayi hai. Sixth Schedule entails: Autonomous District Councils (ADCs), Powers of ADCs, Cultural preservation.
🧠 Trick to Learn Schedules: TEARS OF OLD PM
T Territory • E Emoluments • A Affirmation and Oath • R Rajya Sabha • S Scheduled Area • O Other Scheduled Area • F Federal Provision • O Official Language • L Land Provision • D Defection • P Panchayat • M Municipality
↑ Back to TopicsT Territory • E Emoluments • A Affirmation and Oath • R Rajya Sabha • S Scheduled Area • O Other Scheduled Area • F Federal Provision • O Official Language • L Land Provision • D Defection • P Panchayat • M Municipality
6. Seventh Schedule — Union, State & Concurrent Lists
Roman Hindi: Seventh Schedule me teen lists hain jinme Union aur States ke law-making subjects distribute kiye gaye hain. Source ise Federal Provision batata hai.
| List | Number of Subjects | Examples in Source |
|---|---|---|
| Union List | Initially 97; currently 100 | Inter-state trade & commerce, Banking, Foreign Affairs, Labour & Mines, Census, Defence, Arms & Ammunition, Atomic Energy, Citizenship, Airways. |
| State List | Initially 66; currently 61 | Public Order, Local Government, Health, Pilgrimage, Liquor, Agriculture, Fisheries, Betting and Gambling. |
| Concurrent List | Initially 47; currently 52 | Marriage and Divorce, Insolvency and Bankruptcy, Trade and Labour Dispute, Electricity, Education, Weights and Measure. |
Residuary List
- Ye subjects Union, State ya Concurrent List me included nahi hote.
- Parliament has the power to legislate on residuary subjects.
- Source ke anusaar ye provision Canadian Constitution se borrowed hai.
🔑 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
Source ke anusaar State List se Concurrent List me transfer subjects: Education, Forest, Weight & Measures, Protection of Wild animals and Birds, Administration of Justice.
Source ke anusaar State List se Concurrent List me transfer subjects: Education, Forest, Weight & Measures, Protection of Wild animals and Birds, Administration of Justice.
5 Scenarios: Parliament/Union can legislate on State List subjects
- National Emergency
- President Rule
- If two or more states ask the Centre
- To enforce International Treaty
- If Rajya Sabha gives Parliament this power with Special Majority
7. Eighth Schedule — Languages
Language Count
- Originally: 14 languages
- Presently in source: 22 languages
Amendment Timeline
21st CAA, 1967: Sindhi added.
71st CAA, 1992: Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali.
92nd CAA, 2003: Bodo, Dogri, Santhali, Maithili (BDSM).
96th CAA, 2011: Name changed from “Oriya” to “Odia”.
Classical Languages of India — Source List
- Tamil
- Sanskrit
- Telugu
- Kannada
- Malayalam
- Odia
Newly Added Languages in 2024 — Source ke anusaar
- Marathi
- Pali
- Prakrit
- Assamese
- Bengali
🧠 Source Memory Trick — Classical Languages
Tu Shuru To Kar Mai Aariya (Oriya)
Tu Shuru To Kar Mai Aariya (Oriya)
🧠 QUICK REVISION — HIGH RETENTION
- India: Lengthiest written Constitution.
- Original: 395 Articles • 22 Parts • 8 Schedules.
- Present source count: 448 Articles • 25 Parts • 12 Schedules.
- Parliamentary system: borrowed from UK.
- 3 tiers: Union/Centre → States → Local Bodies.
- K.C. Wheare: Quasi Federal; Granville Seward Austin: Cooperative Federalism; Ivor Jennings: Federalism with centralising tendency; Morris Jones: Bargaining Federalism.
- Separation: Legislature makes laws • Executive carries out laws • Judiciary evaluates laws.
- Schedule 4: Rajya Sabha seats; Schedule 7: Legislative lists; Schedule 8: Languages; Schedule 10: Defection; 11: Panchayat; 12: Municipality.
- 7th Schedule counts: Union 97→100; State 66→61; Concurrent 47→52.
- 42nd Amendment, 1976: Education, Forest, Weight & Measures, Protection of Wild animals and Birds, Administration of Justice transferred as listed in source.
- 8th Schedule: 14 originally → 22 presently (source).
- Language amendments: 21st-1967 Sindhi • 71st-1992 Konkani/Manipuri/Nepali • 92nd-2003 Bodo/Dogri/Santhali/Maithili • 96th-2011 Oriya→Odia.
- Schedule mnemonic: TEARS OF OLD PM.
⚠️ Exam Trap
Numbers, amendment years, scholar-description mappings aur Schedule-Provision mapping ko mix mat karein. Source wording jahan unusual hai, notes ne use source ke anusaar preserve kiya hai.
Numbers, amendment years, scholar-description mappings aur Schedule-Provision mapping ko mix mat karein. Source wording jahan unusual hai, notes ne use source ke anusaar preserve kiya hai.