PANCHAYATS • MUNICIPALITIES • CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

Local Bodies

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Roman Hindi: Panchayati Raj evolution, Articles 243–243O, PESA Act, Municipalities Articles 243P–243ZG, urban local bodies aur Co-operative Societies ko source ke complete 7 pages ke according cover kiya gaya hai.

English: Complete source-based revision notes on rural and urban local self-government.

Evolution of Panchayat

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, 1957

Recommendation: 3-tier Panchayati Raj System.

Gram Panchayat — Village level
Panchayat Samiti — Block level
Zila Parishad — District level

Implementation

Rajasthan: 1st State to implement Panchayati Raj at Nagaur on 2 October 1959.

Followed by Andhra Pradesh on 11 October 1959.

Ashok Mehta Committee, 1977

Proposed 2-tier Panchayati Raj:

Zila Parishad — main unit
Mandal Panchayat

G.V.K. Rao Committee, 1985

Constitution ke working ko Panchayats and Municipalities ke relation me reviewed.
Zila Parishad ko development ke liye nodal agency propose kiya.

L. M. Singhvi Committee, 1986

PRIs ko constitutional status recommend karne wali first committee — source.
Panchayats ki financial autonomy advocated.
Gram Sabha ko direct democracy ka embodiment kaha.
Cluster of villages ke liye Nyaya Panchayats recommend.

Thungon Committee, 1988 + Gadgil Committee, 1988

Rural development me PRIs ka role examine.
All three levels ke members directly elected.
Term fixed at 5 years.
Reservation for SC, ST and Women.

73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992

Panchayati Raj institutions establish karna mandatory banaya.
Part IX, Articles 243–243O inserted.
11th Schedule added containing 29 functional items.
Enforced on 24 April 1993; source notes this is celebrated as Panchayati Raj Day.
Then PM: P. V. Narasimha Rao.

Articles 243–243E — Panchayats

Article 243 — Definition

Gram Sabha: Village-level Panchayat area se related electoral rolls me registered persons ka body.

Article 243A — Gram Sabha

State Legislature by law village level par Gram Sabha ko powers/functions provide kar sakti hai.

Article 243B — Constitution of Panchayats

Every State me village, intermediate and district levels par Panchayats.
3-tier system.
Intermediate-level Panchayat population 20 lakhs se exceed na karne wale State me constitute karna necessary nahi — source wording.

Three Levels

Village → Gram Panchayat
Block → Panchayat Samiti
District → Zila Parishad

Page diagram also lists village-level terms: Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayat, Nyaya Panchayat.

Article 243C — Composition

All Panchayat seats direct election se filled.
Village-level Chairperson ka election State law ke according.
Intermediate and district-level Chairperson indirect election se.

Article 243D — Reservation

SC/ST seats population proportion me reserved.
1/3 seats women ke liye reserved.

Article 243E — Duration

Term: 5 years, unless earlier dissolved.
Election 5-year term end hone se pehle.
Early dissolution: election within 6 months; remaining term less than 6 months ho to election mandatory nahi — source.
Reconstituted Panchayat only original term ka remainder serve karegi.

Articles 243F–243M

243F — Disqualifications

State Legislature-made law disqualification cause kar sakta hai.
Certain offence conviction/insolvency state election law ke according.
Disqualification prescribed authority decide karti hai.
Source: minimum required age 21 years; less than 25 hone solely par disqualify nahi.

Source side-note: High Court deals with election disputes of MP/MLAs.

243G — Powers & Responsibilities

State Legislature Panchayats ko powers/authority de sakti hai to function as institutions of self-government.

243H — Taxes

State Legislature Panchayats ko taxes, duties, tolls and fees levy/collect/appropriate karne aur grants-in-aid ke provisions authorize kar sakti hai.

243I — State Finance Commission

Governor Finance Commission constitute karta hai to financial position review; recommendations State Legislature ke before laid.

243J — Audit

Panchayat accounts ka audit; source emphasis financial accountability, transparency and responsible management.

243K — Elections

Panchayat elections State Election Commission conducts.
State Election Commissioner Governor appoints.
Service conditions/tenure Governor determines.
Removal same manner as High Court judge — source.

243L — Union Territories

Part IX provisions UTs par certain modifications/exceptions ke saath apply.

243M — Certain Areas

Tribal regions aur some North-Eastern areas ko unique governance/traditions ke respect me exclusion.

Nothing in this Part applies to: Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram; hill areas of Manipur — source.

PESA Act, 1996 & Articles 243N–243O

PESA Act, 1996

Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 Part IX provisions ko Scheduled Areas — Fifth Schedule Areas — tak extend karta hai.

Source Fact: Delhi is the only UT where provisions of Panchayats are not applicable.

243N — Continuance of Existing Laws & Panchayats

New Panchayati Raj system me smooth transition ke liye existing laws temporarily valid rahte hain while State necessary changes karta hai.

243O — Bar to Interference by Courts

Courts Panchayat constituencies define karne ya seats assign karne ki process me interfere nahi kar sakte — source.

🧠 Source mnemonic: 243 Definition • A Assembly • B Banana/Constitute • C Composition • D Dalit/Reservation • E Duration 5 years • F Fail/Disqualify • G Power • H House Tax • I Income/Finance • J Jaanch/Audit • K Elections • L UTs • M Modifications • N Continuance • O Court interference bar.

Municipalities — Urban Local Government

Introduced through 74th Constitutional Amendment, 1992.
Part IXA, Articles 243P–243ZG.
12th Schedule added with 18 functional items.

Historical Facts

First Municipal Corporation: Madras, 1687–1688.
1870: Lord Mayo's resolution of Financial Decentralisation.
Ripon's resolution, 1882: “Magna Carta of Local Self-Government” — source.
Municipal Corporations in Calcutta & Bombay set up in 1726.
Ripon known as “Father of Local Self-Government”.

8 Types of Urban Local Government

Municipal Corporation
Municipality
Notified Area Committee
Cantonment Board (Military)
Township
Town Area Committee
Port Trust
Special Purpose Agency

3 Types of Municipalities

Nagar Panchayat: Transitional Area — example Kalyanpur.
Municipal Council: Small urban area — example Chhindwara.
Municipal Corporation: Larger urban area — example Indore.

All seats direct elections; elections by State Election Commission.

Articles Related to Municipalities

Article	Provision — Source
243P	Definitions
243Q	Constitution of Municipalities
243R	Composition of Municipalities
243S	Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
243T	Reservation of seats
243U	Duration of Municipalities, etc.
243V	Disqualifications for membership
243W	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities
243X	Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, Municipalities
243Y	Finance Commission
243Z	Audit of accounts of Municipalities
243ZA	Elections to Municipalities
243ZB	Application to Union Territories
243ZC	Part not to apply to certain areas
243ZD	Committee for district planning
243ZE	Committee for Metropolitan planning
243ZF	Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities
243ZG	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
243ZH	Interpretation — shown on source page list

Part IXB — Co-operative Societies

Source heading: Articles 243ZH to 243ZT.
Inserted by 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011.
Grants constitutional status and protection to co-operative societies.
Provisions relate to formation, regulation and functioning of Co-operative societies.

Remaining Parts of Indian Constitution — Source Table

Part	Subject	Article No.
VIII	The Union Territories	239–242
X	The Scheduled and Tribal Areas	244–244A
XI	Relation between Union and States	245–263
XII	Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits	264–300A
XIII	Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within territory of India	301–307
XVI	Special provisions relating to certain classes	330–342A
XVII	Official Language	343–351A
XVIII	Emergency Provisions	352–360
XIX	Miscellaneous	361–367
XX	Amendment of the Constitution	368

🧠 QUICK REVISION — HIGH RETENTION

Balwant Rai Mehta 1957: 3-tier. Ashok Mehta 1977: 2-tier.
Rajasthan: Nagaur, 2 Oct 1959; Andhra Pradesh 11 Oct 1959.
G.V.K. Rao 1985: Zila Parishad as nodal agency. L.M. Singhvi 1986: constitutional status + Gram Sabha + Nyaya Panchayat.
73rd CA 1992: Part IX, 243–243O; 11th Schedule = 29 items; effective 24 Apr 1993.
243B: 3 tiers. 243C: composition. 243D: reservation. 243E: 5-year duration.
243F: disqualification; source minimum age 21. 243G: powers. 243H: taxes. 243I: Finance Commission. 243J: audit. 243K: State Election Commission.
PESA 1996: Part IX extended to Fifth Schedule Scheduled Areas.
74th CA 1992: Part IXA, 243P–243ZG; 12th Schedule = 18 items.
Urban Local Government: 8 types; Municipalities = Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation.
Ripon: Father of Local Self-Government; 1882 resolution = Magna Carta of Local Self-Government — source.
Part IXB: Co-operative Societies, 243ZH–243ZT; 97th CA 2011.

🔢 Date/Number Trap: 1957 • 1959 • 1977 • 1985 • 1986 • 1988 • 73rd CA 1992 • 24 Apr 1993 • 29 items • 5 years • 6 months • 21 years • PESA 1996 • 74th CA 1992 • 18 items • 97th CA 2011.

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📝 Chapter Practice

1. According to the notes, which statement is correct about Evolution of Panchayat?

2. According to the notes, which statement is correct about 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992?

3. According to the notes, which statement is correct about Articles 243F–243M?

4. According to the notes, which statement is correct about Municipalities — Urban Local Government?

5. According to the notes, which statement is correct about Part IXB — Co-operative Societies?