5 quick MCQs to check recall before you move to the next chapter.
Roman Hindi: Supreme Court, Collegium, High Courts, Subordinate Courts aur Lok Adalats ko source ke complete sequence me easy exam-oriented format me cover kiya gaya hai.
English: Complete interactive notes based on all 10 pages of the supplied material.
Roman Hindi: Bharat ki Judiciary integrated hai; source ke anusaar integrated system Government of India Act, 1935 se borrowed hai. Judiciary independent bhi hai.
(India has an integrated and independent judiciary.)
Source ke anusaar removal procedure USA se brought hai.
CJI recommendation President par binding nahi; executive ko primacy.
Collegium introduced; “consultation” = concurrence; CJI + 2 senior-most judges; source says recommendation binding on President.
Collegium 5-member: CJI + 4 senior-most Judges; decision binding — source.
99th CA, 2014 se NJAC; 2015 me 99th CA unconstitutional declared, NJAC Act struck down, Collegium restored.
Salaries & allowances Parliament determines.
CJI seat vacant ho ya duties perform na kar sake to President Acting CJI appoint karta hai.
CJI, President ki prior consent aur concerned HC Chief Justice se consultation ke saath qualified HC Judge ko temporary ad hoc SC Judge ke roop me request kar sakta hai. During service, SC Judge ke powers, jurisdiction, privileges.
Retired SC Judges ko SC me sit and act as Judge invite kiya ja sakta hai.
SC Court of Record hai: decisions legal precedents ke roop me preserved; contempt of court punish karne ki power. Source notes “Not mentioned in Constitution”.
SC seat Delhi. CJI recommendation + President approval par elsewhere sit kar sakta hai.
Exceptions shown: pre-Constitution treaty dispute, Inter-State Water Dispute, Finance Commission related matters.
131A: 42nd CA, 1976 introduced; central laws validity par SC exclusive authority; 43rd CA, 1977 repealed — source.
132: High Court se constitutional matters me appellate jurisdiction.
HC judgments in civil cases: property, marriage, divorce etc.
Appellate jurisdiction in criminal matters.
SC pre-Constitution laws ke under Federal Court powers exercise kar sakta hai.
Any court/tribunal judgment se special leave; Armed Forces courts/Military Tribunals/Court-Martial related matters excluded — source.
SC apne judgments/orders review kar sakta hai.
Parliament law se SC jurisdiction expand kar sakta hai.
Fundamental Rights enforcement ke liye Article 32 ke writs; other purposes ke liye Parliamentary permission — source.
Ancillary Powers of Supreme Court.
SC dwara declared law all Courts par binding.
SC complete justice ke liye decree/order pass kar sakta hai.
President 2 types matters refer kar sakta hai: pre-constitutional matters; matters of general importance. Source: pre-constitutional matters me SC must advise; dono cases me advice President par binding nahi.
Civil and Judicial Authorities to Act in Aid of SC.
President approval ke saath SC own procedural rules bana sakta hai, provided Parliament laws se conflict na ho.
Constitution interpretation me source GOI Act 1935, Indian Independence Act 1947 aur related orders/amendments ko significant legal questions me consider karne ka note deta hai.
Each State shall have a High Court.
High Court to be Court of Record.
One Chief Justice + other Judges as Parliament may decide.
SC Judges removal procedure HC Judges par apply; Judges Inquiry Act, 1968.
HC Judge Governor ke before oath.
Former HC Judge kisi court me practice nahi except SC & other HCs.
Salaries/allowances Consolidated Fund of State; pensions Consolidated Fund of India. Salaries, allowances, leaves, pension rights Parliament determines — source.
President, CJI consultation ke baad HC Judges transfer kar sakta hai.
President Acting CJ appoint karta hai if office vacant ya CJ absence/other reason se duties perform na kar sake.
Additional: workload/arrears increase par temporary appointment not exceeding 2 years. Acting: Judge absent/unable/seat vacant. Source: appointments in consultation with CJI.
HC Chief Justice retired Judge of that HC or any other HC ki attendance request kar sakta hai.
Source: HC writ jurisdiction SC se wider; Legal + Fundamental Rights ke liye writ; HC may refuse writ, SC cannot.
Superintendence over Subordinate Courts.
Transfer of Certain Cases to HC.
Officers and Servants of HC — by Chief Justice of HC.
Extension by Parliament. Source mappings:
Two or more States; 7th CA, 1956. Source examples: Maharashtra & Goa common HC at Mumbai; Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram & Assam common HC at Guwahati.
Transfer of Cases to Federal Court; repealed by 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956.
Governor appoints in consultation with High Court. Union/State service me already na ho to at least 7 years advocate/pleader + High Court recommendation required.
Validation of Appointments of District Judges.
District Judges ke alawa Judicial Services recruitment Governor of State dwara — source.
Control over Subordinate Courts.
Alternative dispute redressal mechanism. Court me pending cases ya pre-litigation stage disputes amicably settle/compromise kiye jate hain.
Conduct: NALSA along with other legal services institutions.
Status: Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 ke under statutory status.
Fee: Lok Adalat me matter file karne par no court fee.
124–147 • first sitting 28 Jan 1950 • original 8 Judges • source present/max 34 • retirement 65 • qualification 5-year HC Judge / 10-year HC Advocate / distinguished jurist.
Removal: President + Parliament special majority; proved misbehaviour/incapacity; 50 RS or 100 LS signatures; Judges Enquiry Act 1968.
Collegium timeline: 1982 executive primacy → 1993 collegium CJI+2 → 1998 CJI+4 → 2015 NJAC struck down/restored.
125–131: Salary • Acting CJI • Ad Hoc • Retired • Court of Record • Delhi Seat • Original Jurisdiction.
132/133/134: Constitutional/Civil/Criminal appeals. 136: SLP. 137: Review. 141: SC law binding. 142: complete justice. 143: advisory.
214–231 • retirement 62 • 10-year advocate/judicial office • no distinguished jurist • oath Governor • transfer President after CJI consultation.
224: Additional Judge max 2 years. 226: wider writ jurisdiction — Legal + Fundamental Rights. 231: common HC.
SC: 65, 5, 10, 34, 50 RS, 100 LS • HC: 62, 10, 2 years • District Judge outsider: 7 years advocate/pleader.
Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 • no court fee • award final/binding • no appeal • non-compoundable offences excluded.